INVESTIGATION OF THE VARIED RISK FACTORS FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE, INCLUDING ATHLETIC GROUPS
Keywords:
Chronic kidney disease, risk factors, environment, athletes, nephrotoxicity.Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a significant global health burden,
with a complex interplay of factors contributing to its development and progression. This
paper examines the multifaceted nature of CKD, encompassing lifestyle, social,
environmental, and occupational influences. Globally, CKD prevalence is substantial,
with notable regional variations. Established risk factors such as hypertension, acute
kidney injury, and diabetes mellitus are explored, alongside emerging concerns like the
impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on renal function. A significant focus is placed on
modifiable lifestyle factors, including dietary habits (high sodium and animal protein
intake), smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Social determinants,
encompassing socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and environmental conditions,
are also examined, highlighting their crucial role, particularly in vulnerable populations.
The impact of environmental nephrotoxicants, including heavy metals, air pollution, and
PFAS chemicals, is discussed, emphasizing the need for public health interventions.
Furthermore, this paper addresses the specific risks faced by athletes, where high
intensity training, rapid weight loss practices common in combat sports, high-protein
diets, and the use of performance-enhancing substances can significantly increase the risk
of acute kidney injury and long-term renal damage (gym nephropathy). The paper
concludes by underscoring the need for comprehensive strategies that address the diverse
risk factors for CKD, including targeted interventions for specific populations like
athletes, to mitigate the global burden of this disease.
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